Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Frankenstein - Knowledge As A Force Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein Knowledge As A Force Essay Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein brings out a very prominent and unavoidable theme: the dangers of knowledge. It is often said that there is nothing wrong with learning new things, but Shelley makes it a point to prove that wrong. Dr. Frankenstein’s voracious and successful approach to necromancy proves that very distinctly. Though the novel does not explicitly state that there are things best left to higher powers, the novel does highlight, very pointedly, that a man should act as such, and should not interfere with either that which he is not meant to, or that which opposes the natural way of things. Dr. Frankenstein does both. It is not a matter of controversy that humans are not meant to play God, and reanimating a corpse constructed from the remains of various other corpses falls very firmly in the realm of actions classifiable as both unethical and unnatural. Effectively, the entire book may be paraphrased, as â€Å"Dr. Frankenstein was a perfectly cheerful student, until he played God, following which, his entire life crashed around him, and he lost virtually everyone and everything he loved.† Shelley does not explicitly state that there are things solely in the realm of God, but the books makes it clear nonetheless that some things were made to transcend human knowledge, and that violating this law will have natural and terrible consequences. Shelley wishes, then, to paint knowledge as a formidable force that should be approached with intense caution. Her Frankenstein is a warning. Three of the prominent characters in the novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein, Robert Walton and the monster, all share a thirst for knowledge that ultimately leads to downfall in one way or another. Shelly, in her novel, portrayed how Victor’s journey to seek knowledge led to a life of misery and sadness. Even upon meeting Walton, Victor says, â€Å"You seek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently hope that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been†(Shelly 62). Although this quote only implies that his downfall was due to the monster, in reality, his downfall began long before even the monster was created, as evidenced by Victor’s (literally) inhumane quest for knowledge. From a very early age, Victor Frankenstein had a thirst for knowledge. He was captivated by the sciences; he spent all his time just studying from the work of the older scientists. In the university, when he was told that all his time spent studying has been a waste, as new discoveries have been made, he became angry. Ironically, his obsession with science became even stronger and he devoted his life acquiring even greater knowledge. This obsession was where it all began. Victor’s quest for knowledge was a selfish quest of sabotage; his obsession to create a life form was so deep that he ignored everyone he knew. This thirst to surge beyond the accepted human limits and access the secret of life led to one disaster after another. Similarly, Robert Walton desires knowledge beyond limits. Walton’s quest to reach the northernmost part of the earth is similar in spirit to Victor’s quest for the secret of life: both seek ultimate knowledge, and both sacrifice the comfort of the realm of known knowledge in their respective pursuits. When Walton says, â€Å"What may not be expected in a country of eternal light?†(Shelly 50). It becomes certain that Walton is ready to surpass any limit for the pursuit of total knowledge. Light in this context, is a symbol for goodness and knowledge. If we closely examine, we discover that Robert Walton possess the same desires as Victor Frankenstein, and can be addressed as â€Å"a potential Frankenstein, another man . . . seeking out ultimate knowledge by conquering the world’s uncharted regions†(Claridge 85). Victor, seeing Walton having the same thirst, warns him; â€Å"Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow†(Shelly 81). Knowledge not only destroys Victor Frankenstein’s life but also of the monster. Firstly, He was the creation of Frankenstein’s desire to gain knowledge. He would have never come to life if Frankenstein had control over his obsession. Secondly, the monster delves deeper into sadness when he acquires knowledge the world has to offer him â€Å"I cannot describe to you the agony that these reflections inflicted upon me; I tried to dispel them, but  sorrow only increased with knowledge. Oh, that I had forever remained in my native wood, nor known nor felt beyond the sensations of hunger, thirst, and heat!† (Shelly 146). If the monster did not have any knowledge, he would have felt none of the emotions or reflections that people have inflicted upon him. Finally, the greatest impact of the monster’s actions is due to the knowledge that of him alone in the world â€Å"I am an unfortunate and deserted creature, I look around and I have no relation or friend upon earth. These amiable people to whom I go have never seen me and know little of me. I am full of fears, for if I fail there, I am an outcast in the world forever, without any love or affection†(Shelly 158), this knowledge, beyond his basic sensations, makes him a so-called â€Å"Monster† and the cause of all mayhem. This, conclusively, is Mary Shelley’s severe warning to the reader. It is a strict warning to the reader to remain humane and reasonable in their quest for knowledge. The text, then, also professes a deep romanticism in that it shows, very clearly, that one should not stray from that which is natural. It preaches that things are exactly how they are, but also warns that knowledge is not something to be trifled with. The text also carries with it, a long standing theme of consequences; Victor defied nature and raised the monster, and it then seemed like everything around Victor was dedicated to driving him to depression or death. Eventually, defying nature got the better of him and he died, desolate and alone, away from his home, and nature claimed yet another human that defied it.

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

Financial Difficulties Facing Power Companies in Brazil :: Energy, electric, Utilities

Due to the size of the losses and their impact on the income of power distribution utilities, this issue has become a matter of much concern to these enterprises which must estimate them properly and draw up solutions to curb them effectively. Another pressing problem on the power market is payment in arrears . Over the past decade, the capacity to make prompt payment for essential services has been dropping sharply in Brazil, whether they are provided by the Government or by public utilities private enterprises. With rising unemployment and shrinking income, many consumers are forced to postpone payment of their electricity bills, particularly in view of steady tariff increases, which rose an averagea total of 231.24% between 1995 and 2004 . (ANEEL, 2004), well over the inflation rate, as a result, it is estimated that unpaid electricity bills in Brazil reached R$ 3.15bn (US$1.3bn) in 2002. The composition of these overdue payments, as per customer group, shows that R$760mi (US$304mi) was caused by unpaid electricity bills from medium and large clients, supplied with high and medium voltages (Group A); R$1,6bn (US$640mi) corresponding to debt built up by residential consumers, small commercial and industrial companies, much from Government facilities, and street-lighting, all supplied by the low voltage network (Group B); and R$800mi (US$320mi) owed by Governments. AGAIN? WHERE THE GOVERNMENT IS? An important point issue is the strong relatiosnships between electricity losses and unpaid bills. These two phenomena are so closely linked that a reduction in one may prompt an increase in the other. A customer caught stealing power is connected up properly to the grid and is then charged for the stolen power, in addition to a fine, payable in installments. If the costumer fails to pay thiese unpaid electricity billss and/or fails to pay the installmentscharges, the power supply is interrupted after some a short time. A customer without power may well return to stealing, again becoming again a loss problem. This same cycle may also be triggered by unpaid electricity bills: when customers have their power supply cut off because they are unable to pay their bills, they may start to steal through clandestine connections, with similar consequences. The cycle may start with unpaid electricity bills. A customer unable to pay his/her bill has his/her power supply cut off, which ca n lead him/her to steal. In other words, a more severe reaction by public utilities in relation to unpaid electricity bills may have as an unintended and undesirable consequence to turn a defaulters into a â€Å"thieves†f.

Monday, January 13, 2020

Assessing Contamination Of The Great Lakes Environmental Sciences Essay

Worlds are changing the Earth ‘s environment in dramatic and progressively permeant ways ( Vasseur, et Al. 2002 ) . The ever-increasing human population, along with an explosive addition in ingestion, exacerbates the impact on aquatic and tellurian ecosystems as a consequence of land usage from agribusiness and human colony, natural resource usage, transit and diversion, waste from domestic, municipal and industrial development ( Vasseur, et Al. 2002 ) . There is now abundant grounds that ecosystems at regional and planetary degrees have become extremely stressed and dysfunctional ( Rapport, Costanza and McMichael 1998 ) . For illustration, the widespread dispersion of man-made chemicals may be changing carnal endocrine and immune systems that are needed for normal growing, development and disease opposition ( Vasseur, et Al. 2002 ) . Additionally, decrease in biodiversity could extinguish anchor species, create discontinuities in ecosystem food and energy tracts, and enhance e xposures to important losingss of ecosystem services following anthropogenetic perturbations ( Vasseur, et Al. 2002 ) . The services provided by ecosystems are highly of import to human public assistance ( Tremblay and Gilman 1995 ) . These stressed, degraded and disrupted ecosystems have and could go on to ensue in dramatic ecological, wellness, economic and societal impacts ( Vasseur, et Al. 2002 ) . The Great Lakes constitute the largest organic structure of surface fresh water on Earth and is one of the most valuable natural resources ( Tremblay and Gilman 1995 ) . The Great Lakes: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario are freshwater inland seas of huge importance for H2O ingestion, diversion, piscaries, power, transit, and many other utilizations ( EPA, National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress 2009 ) . The Great Lakes are besides a major industrial and agricultural part of North America ( EPA, Where Would We Be Without the Great Lakes? 2010 ) . A statement sing the position of the Great Lakes found in the â€Å" National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress in 2009 † says: â€Å" Of the eight provinces surrounding the Great Lakes, six reported on the status of their Great Lakes shoreline stat mis. About 1,070 of 5,521 entire Great Lakes shoreline stat mis were assessed in 2004, and of these, 93 % were reported as impaired. The prima causes of damage included PCBs, toxic organics, pesticides, and dioxins † Since the 1970 ‘s, supervising informations have shown the presence of waterborne toxic chemicals in the biology of the Great Lakes through the procedures of bioaccumulation and bioconcentration ( Tremblay and Gilman 1995 ) . The effect of these developments is the beginning for public and scientific concern over how and to what extent the wellness of wildlife and worlds in the Great Lakes basin may be affected by exposure to environmental contaminations ( Tremblay and Gilman 1995 ) . Chemical pollution is a job on a planetary graduated table that occurs about everywhere people live ( Keller 2011 ) . Whether a dismissed chemical is harmful to the aquatic environment depends on a figure of factors, including the type of chemical, its concentration, the timing of its release, conditions conditions, and the organisms life in the country ( NOAA 2008 ) . By the mid 1980 ‘s, over 800 distinguishable chemical substances from these beginnings had been identified in the Great Lakes basin ( Tremblay and Gilman 1995 ) . Of these substances, the most relentless and toxic substances are polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) , dioxins, and furans ; the organochlorine pesticides dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethylene ( DDT ) , toxaphene, mirex, dieldrin, and hexachlorobenzene ( HCB ) , heavy metals methylmercury and alkylated lead ; and benzo [ a ] pyrene, a member of a category of substances known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) ( International Joint Commission 1987 ) . Datas on chemical concentrations indicate the major burdens of relentless toxic chemicals to the Great Lakes occurred between the 1950s and the 1970s, with peak concentrations happening in the mid 1970s ( Tremblay and Gilman 1995 ) . Peoples began to detect sick effects in fish, birds, and mammals, including marks of generative failure, biochemical alterations, inborn deformities, and population diminutions ( World Resource Institute 1998-99 ) . Scientists from NOAA ‘s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory explain the consumption of pollutants as follows: foremost, when organic contaminations reach Great Lakes Waterss, they do non readily fade out or organize chemical bonds with H2O molecules, alternatively, they stick ( adsorb ) to ticket organic-rich atoms, microscopic in size, nowadays in the H2O. Next, some atoms settle to the underside going portion of lake deposits, while other atoms remain suspended ; the aquatic animate beings actively feed on both digesti ng bacteriums and other microscopic nutrient beginnings carried on them. Finally, during digestion, animate beings absorb harmful contaminations as the atoms pass through their digestive piece of land. NOAA ‘s research workers conclude that: â€Å" contaminant exposure is more terrible for benthal ( bottom-dwelling ) animate beings populating in deposits at the lake underside, in add-on to a diet of contaminant-laden nutrient, contaminations can be absorbed across the animate being ‘s tegument, or through their gills as they extract dissolved O from H2O. † With continued exposure over the class of an animate being ‘s life, contaminant concentrations accumulate within the organic structure, if the animate being is eaten by a marauder, its organic structure load of contaminations is transferred, get downing the procedure of biomagnifications of contaminations up the nutrient concatenation. Humans who consume Great Lakes fish are besides at hazard ( NOAA 2005 ) . Biomagnifications of heavy metals is a concern in the Great Lakes, motivating the International Joint Commission to help the United States and Canada to implement the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972 ( International Joint Commission 1987 ) . Heavy metals such as lead, quicksilver, Zn, and Cd, are deposited with natural deposits in the undersides of Waterss where they dissolve. ( Keller 2011 ) . Most heavy metals were straight discharged into the Great Lakes from coal fired power workss, and municipal and medical waste incineration installations ( International Joint Commission 1987 ) . Heavy metal residue which becomes airborne is redeposited from the ambiance through rainfall ( Keller 2011 ) . Of greatest concern is the extremely toxic organic compound, methylmercury, which forms in rivers and lakes when micro-organisms metabolize metallic quicksilver. This toxic signifier of quicksilver so accumulates in fish and when ingested causes quicksilver poisoning in worlds ( World Resource Institute 1998-99 ) . Non point beginning pollution is caused by rainfall or snowmelt which carries pollutants such as fertilisers, weedkillers and pesticides from agricultural and residential countries ; oil, lubricating oil and toxic chemicals from urban overflow ; deposit from building sites, forest lands and gnawing stream Bankss ; salt from irrigation patterns and acerb mine drainage from abandoned mines ; bacteriums and foods from farm animal, pet wastes, and defective infected systems and deposits them into lakes and rivers ( EPA, What is Non-Point Source Pollution 1994 ) . Acid mine drainage is the consequence of sulphides ( discarded from mining operations ) which oxidize in the presence of H2O and micro-organisms to organize sulphuric acid ( H2SO4 ) ( Colmer and Hinkle 1947 ) . This acerb H2O is highly toxic to workss and animate beings in aquatic ecosystems and can potentially mobilise other harmful chemicals ( Keller 2011 ) . Arsenic is besides a extremel y toxic natural metal which besides has industrial and commercial utilizations in pesticides, weedkillers, antifungals, algaecides, wood preservatives, coal-tar, and pigment ( EPA, Where Would We Be Without the Great Lakes? 2010 ) . Most arsenic originates from atmospheric emanations from smelters, coal-burning power workss, and arsenical weedkiller sprays ; from H2O contaminated by mine shadowings, smelter wastes, and natural mineralization ; and particularly from the ingestion of Marine biology ( Eisler 1988 ) . In Eisler ‘s study to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, most research workers agree on the undermentioned points: ( 1 ) arsenous anhydride may be absorbed by consumption, inspiration, or through pervasion of the tegument or mucose membranes ; ( 2 ) cells accumulate arsenic by utilizing an active conveyance system usually used in phosphate conveyance ; ( 3 ) arsenicals are readily absorbed after consumption, most being quickly excreted in the piss during the first few yearss, or at most a hebdomad ; effects seen after long-run exposure are most likely the consequence of uninterrupted day-to-day exposure, instead than that of bioaccumulation ( Eisler 1988 ) . Nitrogen and P used in agribusiness to fertilise Fieldss creates a procedure known as â€Å" eutrophication † , where run-off of these inordinate foods enter waterways, increasing works life ( typically algae blooms ) which cover the Waterss surface barricading sunshine to workss below while devouring O as they decompose ; ensuing in the decease of fish and aquatic animate beings ( Keller 2011 ) . Biological pollution has become the greatest concern for the Great Lakes. Waterborne human diseases such as cholera, typhoid infections, hepatitis, and dysentery, are the consequence of hapless H2O sanitation. Indeed, several billion people are exposed to and about 2 million people will decease from these diseases each twelvemonth in developing states ( Keller 2011 ) . Cholera, which infects imbibing H2O, can be found in aquatic systems where it remains hibernating in phytoplankton and zooplankton ( Rapport, Costanza and McMichael 1998 ) . Natural jeopardies such as temblors, inundations and hurricanes can do exacerbate eruptions of these waterborne diseases ( Keller 2011 ) . Other environmental conditions that cause algal blooms, such as eutrophication from nitrate and phosphate overflow, and the proliferation of the zooplankton can besides increase the spread of cholera into human populations ( Rapport, Costanza and McMichael 1998 ) . Another important beginning of biological taint occurs when a installation discharges pollution straight into waterways at a peculiar â€Å" point † along its shore through a pipe or channel and hence considered â€Å" point beginning of pollution † ( Salzman and Thompson 2010 ) . This includes sewage intervention workss and industrial installations such as oil refineries, mush and paper Millss, chemical, electronics and car makers ( NOAA 2008 ) . Additionally, there are installations that do non dispatch their wastes straight into a waterway but alternatively empty their wastes into the local sewerage system ( Salzman and Thompson 2010 ) . These sewage intervention workss treat human wastes and direct the treated wastewater to a watercourse or river ( NOAA 2008 ) . During periods of heavy rainfall, sewer systems can be overwhelmed, ensuing in the release of natural sewerage from combined sewer systems designed to roll up both storm H2O and healthful effluent ( EPA, Great Lakes Strategy 2002 ) . Separate healthful sewer systems can besides see untreated discharges related to wet conditions events. These can be caused by inordinate influx and infiltration, unequal care, and deficient moisture conditions conveyance capacity ( EPA, Great Lakes Strategy 2002 ) . Sanitary Sewer Overflows ( SSOs ) and untreated Combined Sewer Overflows ( CSOs ) can incorporate pathogens that lead to beach closings and human wellness concerns, every bit good as O demanding substances that can take to low dissolved O degrees ( EPA, Great Lakes Strategy 2002 ) . During these events, the biochemical oxygen-demanding waste overpowers the Waterss natural cleansing map ( Keller 2011 ) . Possibly the greatest concern of the twenty-first century is the debut and spread of invasive species which threaten the Great Lakes ( International Joint Commission 2002 ) . The primary beginning of aquatic invasive species comes from ships ‘ ballast H2O which they use to assist stabilise them at sea ( Potter n.d. ) . The debut of a individual species can do a sudden and dramatic displacement in the full ecosystem ‘s construction ( EPA, Great Lakes Strategy 2002 ) . New species can significantly alter the interactions between bing species ( and between those species and their inanimate environment ) , making ecosystems that are unstable and unpredictable ( International Joint Commission 2002 ) . The Asiatic Carp consume immense sums of the same nutrient eaten by native fishes, sharply out-competing and finally displacing them wholly ( Potter n.d. ) . Even the tiniest microscopic being found in ballast H2O can take clasp and do a important perturbation in the Great Lakes ( Potter n.d. ) . In each of these instances, harm occurred because native species and ecosystems were non capable of defying infection, infestation, predation or competition from the foreigner species ( International Joint Commission 2002 ) . Water is the most valuable resource we have, indispensable for life on Earth, and we have earnestly diminished the ability of these ecosystems for which we rely on. The human population growing has mostly contributed to the debasement and loss of H2O resources and ecosystems ( Vasseur, et Al. 2002 ) . Viewed as technological admirations, there was really small apprehension of the impact of man-made compounds and pesticides on the environment or human wellness ( Salzman and Thompson 2010 ) . Scientific grounds has helped exemplify some of the human and ecological costs of environmental debasement ( Vasseur, et Al. 2002 ) . Today, certain species of fish in the Great Lakes still have contaminations at high concentrations ( Tremblay and Gilman 1995 ) . Impacts of exposure to the same contaminations show an increased hazard of neurological and generative disfunction, birth defects, and malignant neoplastic disease ( Tremblay and Gilman 1995 ) . In 1969, the flickers that set the contamin ated Cuyahoga River on fire besides enkindled utmost public consciousness and concern for the environment ( Salzman and Thompson 2010 ) . Subsequently, in 1972, the Clean Water Act[ 1 ]was passed, modulating discharges of pollutants into Waterss and established H2O quality criterions ( EPA, History of the Clean Water Act 2010 ) . Though the Clean Water Act[ 2 ]and subsequent Amendments in 1977[ 3 ]would ensue in dramatic decrease of chemical contaminations, such as DDT and PCBs, farther decreases of pollutants will be much more hard to decide ( Tremblay and Gilman 1995 ) . Protecting natural resources and the ecosystems they support will go on to be a planetary concern for future coevalss.

Sunday, January 5, 2020

Internet Harassment The Flip Side of Internet Fame

In the article The Flip Side of Internet Fame by Jessica Bennett, Internet harassment is thoroughly made aware to inform active social network users of its solemnity. Real life scenarios of people who suffered from public humiliation or social desecration are presented. Bennett makes her argument conclusive by addressing her audiences pathos and ethos appeal, sourcing credible individuals throughout the article and stressing the agony and ignominy that the listed individuals perceived. Furthermore, the author demonstrates how critical it is to be conscious about the possibility of not recovering from a fatal encounter on a social network and also raises the question: â€Å"Whats to stop a person from posting whatever he wants about you, if he†¦show more content†¦Adding on, a student from Lewis and Clark University was even labeled as a rapist after another individual publicly accused him of sexually assaulting another student. This allegation of the victim led to the destr uction of his stable reputation. Today, in a Google search, anyone can input his name â€Å"and the first entry has the word â€Å"rapist†Ã¢â‚¬ (115). The reader is somewhat forced to posses some scent of solicitude when realizing the embarrassment these individuals ached upon. Bennetts firm desire to inform her audience of such petrifying yet valid truths of public shaming, urges the reader to question whether or not Internet fame is a burden. Along with her informing situations, Bennett overawes her audience by encrypting her article with credible individuals making it obliging to appeal to the readers ethos appeal. Introduced in the article, Jim Cohen is an ethicist from Fordham University School of Law in New York. One logical point he makes is that the â€Å"anonymity of the Net encourages people to say things they normally wouldnt† (114). In other words, when people are sitting behind their computers at home by themselves, they are callous and feel as though they are protected from any wrong-doing they may pursue while online. Cohen acknowledges a site called â€Å"JuicyCampus†(114), which consist of numerous and vicious rumors that are posted anonymously and that anyone who hasShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesSan Jose, CA. The A’s need the new stadium to turn around lagging attendance, which has been at or near the bottom among major league baseball clubs. —BBoA , 2009 COMPANY: NINTENDO Project: Next Generation Nintendo Wii Game Console According to Internet rumors, the new console will be based on entirely new hardware that will pump out HD visuals, contain expanded storage, and run using digitally distributed content rather than physical discs. The new console will expand the capability of Wii’s revolutionary