Strategic Management and Production Differentiation Efforts

Government policies can have a significant impact on the average profitability of firm s in an Industry. Government, however, Is not Included as a potential threat In the five forces model. Should the model be expanded to include government (to make a â€Å"six forces† model)? Why or why not? 2. How would you add complementary to the five forces model? In particular, if an Indus try has large numbers of complementary, does that make It more attractive, less attractive, or does it have no impact on the industry attractiveness?Justify. 3. Which firm will have a higher level of economic performance: (a) a firm with valuable, rare, and costly-to- Imitate capabilities competing In a very attractive Industry or (b) a firm with valuable, rare, and costly-to-imitate capabilities competing In a very unattractive Industry? 4. Will a firm currently experiencing competitive parity be able to gain sustained advent age by studying another firm that is experiencing competitive advantage? Why or why not? 5.Firms engage In an actually called â€Å"forward pricing† when they establish, during the e rely stages of the learning curve, a price for their product that is lower than their actual costs, in an dedication of lower costs later on, after significant learning has occurred. Under what conditions, if any, does forward pricing make sense? What risks, If any, do firms engaging In forward pricing f ace? 6. When GOES exist, firms with large volumes of production will have lower costs than too SE with smaller volumes of production. The realization of these economies of scale, however, is far from

Systematic Review Paper

The purpose of this meta-synthesis research was to synthesize a qualitative study performed to better understand the underlying reasons why only a fraction of cancer patients participate in cancer research trials. The attempt is to explore factors that influence participation in this type of study. Literature in the subject indicates poorly understood process of how patients are enrolled into clinical trials.This systematic review tries to improve the patient decision-making process in participating in cancer clinical trial and to provide Oncology nurses to treat patients with solid background utilizing evidence based practice (Biedrzycki, 2010). The study was conducted in hope to eliminate misconceptions on the negative feelings of cancer clinical trials. A common misconception is participation can cause harm instead of cure. The report clearly describes how the variation in research design and methods revealed low percentages of cancer patient participation in previous studies.An i nformation specialist assisted with the selection of relevant studies. Data selection was reviewed through PubMed. Patient participation and decision making were topics reviewed. A PRISMA-type flow chart elaborates on the multiple studies reviewed (Biedrzycki, 2010). The criteria for reviewing articles included articles published since 2004. Research from other countries was reviewed and was not confined to the United States.Literature reviewed through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) roadmap for Medical Research, fortified the research by emphasizing important aspects of human research participants and transforming this into clinical research. 62 articles met criteria and 24 articles did not meet the initial criteria. Articles beyond five years provided evidence of inaccurate representation of the current views on patients’ will to participate in clinical trials (Biedrzycki, 2010). The research article indicates the sample sizes ranged from 16 to more than 115000 whic h yield a median=162.The combined sample of participants includes gender, race, and age. Most participants were Caucasian. One study included only Asian women. Ages ranged from 50 to 64 years, median 57. 6 years. Cancer diagnoses were reported in 10 studies, six studies omitted reporting cancer as a diagnosis. Four studies reported advanced cancer. Six studies reported participation in phase I clinical trials. One study reported participation in a phase III clinical study. The rest of the studies did not report the phase of trials. There is no indication whether follow up was done with the original reporter to clarify missing information (Biedrzycki, 2010).The criteria used to appraise the research consisted of decision-making process, communication, educational interventions, perceptions, benefits and burdens, quality of life, reasons for declining participation, knowledge, relative health stock, timing of consent, satisfaction, and decisional regret. Most studies focused on decisi on making, however; thirteen studies described multiple aspects of cancer clinical trial participation. Some studies focused on the psychosocial consequences of clinical trial decision making.This data was appraised by several research team members (Biedrzycki, 2010). Decision-making instruments included the Llewellyn-Thomas, an unnamed instrument and the Homes-Rovner et al. Satisfaction with Decision Scale. Other instruments included the Understanding of Clinical Trials by Joffe et al. and The Decisional Regret Scale and the Karmonos Accrual Analysis System. Most studies did not report psychometric measures and almost all studies used one question to assess willingness, interest or knowledge about cancer clinical trials (Biedrzycki, 2010).Data analysis is presented in table format. Table 1 consists of factors reflecting the rigor of the studies reviewed. Table 2 consists of measures of decision making used in the studies reviewed and Table 3 lists strengths, limitations, and key po ints of the studies reviewed. The studies were mainly descriptive, consisting of mixed-methods design. Three studies tested an educational intervention and two studies used an experimental design. 50% of the studies did not report timing of the research in relation to the decision regarding clinical trial participation (Biedrzycki, 2010).During meta-analysis, response rates varied by type of measure and study design, only 50% reported response rates (range = 21% – 95%, median=71%. 29% declined participating because they had no interest and 24% declined with no reason given. One major reason people declined to participate was because they had no access or could not use a computer. Multiple time measures were conducted in decision regret, it was noted that responses were reduced (Biedrzycki, 2010). The process used to pool the data together was clinical trial decision making.The main factors influencing this process consist of patient, provider, and treatment. Two studies speci fically explored decision making by the patient. Education requirements impacted decision making since understanding the risks and benefits of clinical trials was the most important factor taken into consideration by the patient. Educational interventions were noted to have increased patient enrollment. (Biedrzycki, 2010). If the patient found the education from the provider to be coercive, treatment was considered a burden.Time and travel also posed an inconvenience on the patient since it adversely affected quality of life and therefore deterred patients from cancer clinical trials. On a positive note, studies reported factors associated with positive decision making outcomes. Positive decision making included being more spiritual, younger, and having more advanced cancer, and having a good understanding of the education received. Several other aspects were indicated as positive decision making outcomes when providers introduced user-friendly systems (Biedrzycki, 2010).The primary focus of the study was accepting or declining clinical trial participation. The secondary focus was decision-making and the silent variable was the influence on clinical trial participation. All criteria were elegantly spelled out in form of charts and tables. Figure 1 included factors associated with the decision to participate in a cancer clinical trial. Figure 2 revealed factors associated with a positive decision making outcome (Biedrzycki, 2010). A factor that was clearly noted as missing was a review on the process by which patients decide on whether or not to participate in clinical research trial.Components of the decision making preferences have not been determined. Consenting for a research process is autonomous and the current healthcare system does did not provide sufficient learning opportunities for the patient to acquire enough information to make an adequate informed consent. When the patient lacks this knowledge and the healthcare provider lacks the understanding o f the patient’s values, it is difficult for the patient to want to participate in clinical trials (Biedrzycki, 2010).The reviewers concluded that future research is needed for continuation of exploring the reasons for lack of cancer patients’ participation in clinical research trials. The need for sound construct for decision making can prepare nurses and healthcare workers to understand the cancer patient’s values and to provide education that may enhance knowledge and strengthen interventions, and improve cancer clinical trial participation (Biedrzycki, 2010).

Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B Dubois Essay

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois were two famous African American leaders during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were both activists and wanted blacks to have an education; they also wanted to end discrimination towards blacks. These leaders both wrote great speeches which clearly specified what they thought was right for African Americans. Even though Washington and Dubois focused on the same social, political and economic issues, they strongly disagreed on strategies of achieving their goal of equality. The first African American leader that changed America forever was Booker T. Washington. Booker T. was one of America’s greatest African American leaders who believed that blacks deserved to be equal. Booker T. mainly focused on education, he wanted blacks to concentrate on their education and not equality. He believed that if blacks mainly focused on getting equality, than blacks are wasting their time because racism and hatred will always be a part of everyday life from now and even in the future for all different kinds of races, cultures and religious beliefs. Booker T. wanted blacks to have something called â€Å"Industrial Education†, and this certain type of education provided the skills needed for jobs that were available to the majority of African Americans. Since he was mainly focusing on blacks in the south, he wanted blacks to  master and be advanced at agriculture and farming skills. Booker T. stated  that overtime, whites will see that blacks have responsibility and commitment of being an American citizen. This will earn respect and equality from whites and accepted as citizens of the United States of America. Booker T. Washington was recognized as being a great speaker. He gave many motivational speeches to black people saying not to let whites control them because as American citizens you are free to do whatever you want. He told blacks to think positive and stop hiding from people that are trying to put you down in society and defend yourself on what you think is right. He told white people that you are underestimating blacks for what they could accomplish in society; you are being disrespectful to blacks just because of their skin color. The second African American leader that changed America forever was W.E.B Dubois. He focused on the exact opposite things that of Booker T. Washington. Dubois was also mainly focused on education as Booker T. Washington was, but he believed that blacks should be book smart and be as well educated as a white person, this was called the gradualist political strategy. Dubois realized that Booker T. Washington was accommodating white interests in his speech called the Atlanta Compromise, this made many people shocked on how Washington was basically saying that you can treat blacks as unequal’s and discriminate us as long as we get a decent education. Dubois and his supporters responded to this speech by establishing the Niagara Movement. The Niagara Movement was a group of African-American civil rights activists including W.E.B Dubois; they wrote a speech that demanded for equality and to cease discrimination. The speech claims that as American citizens, we have rights and by not giving these rights to us, you have made no accomplishment on what you founded this land for. Dubois does not believe in violence but believes that sacrifices had to be made in order to get African Americans to be seen as equals. He labels his speech in numbers from one through five and in each request; he explained each of his demands in a very  aggressive tone. He sought for an immediate change and will not be satisfied by the little changes that will be made over time. Both Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois both had great arguments and philosophies for trying to get African Americans to have futures of being seen as equals, but I felt like Booker T. Washington made more sense at the time. Booker T. understood that blacks would never be seen as equals and he accepted it. Booker T. preached that being equal is not all that important but as time goes by, we will get accepted in to this nation as equals. He said this to blacks because he didn’t want blacks lose faith on ever being seen as equals but instead, blacks started focusing on themselves and lived their daily lives without anyone putting the down in society. There are still many people that are racist but now they have learned to accept it and carry on with their lives. Booker T. Washington’s theory will always be a part of our nation and other countries all around the world. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois were two famous African American leaders during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were both believed that blacks deserved equal rights as being an American citizen. These leaders both wrote great speeches which clearly specified what they thought was right for African Americans.

Strategic Situation Analysis for Developing Critical Thinking Skills - Essay - 8

Strategic Situation Analysis for Developing Critical Thinking Skills - Matching Dell - Essay Example The approach towards analyzing a situation is based on productive and critical mindset and involves several steps in its execution. One of the most important steps in SSAS is to investigate the underlying strategy of a situation and find out how that strategy influences the outcomes, productivity, and results of the study at hand. This constitutes the third step in the SSAS approach. The pertinent case study is dealing with the functioning of the Dell computer company, and its comparison with its rival companies. This involves examining the management and strategies of the Dell Corporation and matching it with its rival corporations. Towards the mid-‘90s, the advent of personalized computers had taken over the market, and more and more customers were finding new reasons to obtain their own computers. This meant that computers were no longer limited to big corporations and businesses, but were becoming a household commodity. This gave companies like IBM and Apple, which were previously manufacturing mainframe machines, to produce PCs and tap the huge profits in this sector. Initially, IBM, the leading company in computer hardware, took over the market by manufacturing PCs and loading them with software developed mainly by Microsoft. Their contract with Microsoft proved fruitful and they were soon the leaders in the market. Other companies like Compaq, HP (Hewlett-Packard) and Gateway followed suit. They all focused on developing the hardware and contracting with software companies like Microsoft or Apple to provide them with the operational programs, and their main customers were big and medium-sized corpor ate organizations. Dell was another such company dealing with the manufacturing of PCs.However,  their method of working was radically different  from the other companies,  and it was so successful  that it gave  them a huge edge of advantage that  soon earned them  the leading position in the market.

Defining and Protecting Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Defining and Protecting Human Rights - Essay Example .......................................................................3 Liberal Internationalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............3 Liberalism as (IR) Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Key Human Rights Issues in Egypt’s State of Emergency†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Trends within liberalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............................................................................................8 Political liberalism...............................................................................................................8 Cultural liberalism.......................................................................... .....................................9 Economic liberalism............................................................................................................9 Liberalism – Triumphant...................................................................................................10 Weaknesses and Criticism of liberalism...........................................................................11 Defense of the Theory...................................................................................................................12 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................14 References............................................... Even criminals have their rights and must be treated humanely hence the evolution of the death penalty from seemingly barbaric ways to the now â€Å"more humane† lethal injection. Learning from Winston Churchill, the degree of how civilized a society is can be gauged on its treatment of its prisoners. Likewise, armed forces that are in conflict are bound to respect the rights of POW’s or prisoners of war. Much has been learned from the atrocities of the past war necessitating the need for a global commitment to uphold and protect human lives and the rights of every individual. However, these very important rights usually become the first casualties during times of conflict. This is more prevalent in countries that have declared a state of emergency wherein martial law ensues. Human Rights in the Arab Republic of Egypt For about thirty years, the Arab Republic of Egypt has been under a state of emergency which was declared by its ruler, Hosni Mubarak. Thus, excessive pow er has befallen on the state wherein much power has been in the hands of the central government while at the same time further empowering the military (Reza 2007). Thus, the government of Hosmi Mubarak was able to rule Egypt with an iron fist. This power has allowed the regime to ignore habeas corpus resulting to numerous arrests despite the lack of charges, public outcry was silenced by the ban on demonstrations, and political opposition has been stamped out with the dispersal of meetings and the media blindfolded by shutdowns. Liberalism Those who go up against the government end up being persecuted and are locked up behind bars (Shatz, 2010). These efforts by the Egyptian government have been scorned by human rights groups in and out of the country. However, the Egyptians have had enough and

Learning and Development of New Employees Assignment

Learning and Development of New Employees - Assignment Example An effective indicator of how much training has helped the learning process is to analyze the performance of each group within the company before and after the training period. The assessment of learning need refers to two related and sequential activities. The first need is the identification of the learning need, and secondly, it is the analysis of the learning need. The identification and analysis of the learning need to enhance the ability and performance of an individual in the team. The crux of the matter is the correct identification and analysis. In the absence of these, it is not possible to see the desired results in the employees. The needs assessment phase of a learning and development project serves a diagnostic purpose and the needs assessment phase must be done properly as it is the basis for much subsequent learning and development. If this is not done, the training cannot be properly directed and inadequately focused and the consequences may be that learners may not acquire appropriate knowledge or skill, scarce and valuable resources may be wasted, the credibility of the learning and development function may suffer, and the learning and development program will not contribute to meeting the organization's strategic objectives. Although concerned with conceptual issues, there are practical issues also since it is the assessment of needs using valid and reliable tools which is of direct concern to the learning and development practitioner on a day-to-day basis. This model must pursue a clear, balanced approach to concepts and practice. One without the other will only render the model ineffective and hypocritical. The overarching purposes of needs assessment and learning and development planning are to ensure that learning and development interventions address priority learning needs that can enable individuals, departments or organizations to meet their goals and commitments, and are aligned between the individual's goals and commitments (Training 4 Business). On the Job Needs Assessment On the job needs assessment is to identify the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are likely to be required by a job holder. These are hierarchical task analysis, cognitive task analysis, and critical incident technique. These analysis and technique provide the trainee with a better understanding of the organization, better knowledge of the product, and ensures that the trainee is imparted necessary skills to raise performance levels.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Film Review Movie

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Film - Movie Review Example Forman depicts how McMurphy uses his outgoing personality to make patients in the institution view their situation differently. He seeks to introduce reforms in the system of the mental institution ad rebel against nurse Ratched (Kesey). He exhibits his daring aspect at many instances and even does crazy things such as smuggling beer into the institution. The film exhibits numerous differences from the novel. It succeeds in making the characters real, but fails in advancing the plot to a level beyond its potential. Whereas, Chief Bromden is the main character as the well as the narrator of the novel, his role is superseded by that of McMurphy in the film. Moreover, the film does not present background information about the chief, which is available in the novel. Evidently, the film distorts some of the characters in the novel, although it makes the plot more intriguing. Whereas the film depicts Chief Bromden as only being able to speak a single phrase, the book highlights him as very communicative. Worth noting is the fact that the behavior and personality of McMurphy are altered immensely in the film, where he receives the leading role. This does not occur in the novel. Some critical aspects of the plot in the novel such as Cheswick committing suicide and McMurphy’s confirmation to the wishes of nurse Ratched are not included in the film. Notably, there are numerous changes in the film and the ones highlighted in this essay are not conclusive. Worth noting is the fact that the film received many awards because of its quality, but has been criticized for altering the plot

Personal Framework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal Framework - Assignment Example In case whereby the patient is not able to respond to the nurse, the parents or relatives are entitled for the response. Whenever there is a complex situation concerning a certain client, more intensive care and extra resources is needed. This enables the nurses and key stakeholders identity the most appropriate category of nursing for the patients care reflecting on the environment factors, client and the nurse. Every professional has his or her expectations in the field of specialization. In the nursing practice, I have several expectations involved, which will enable me deliver the best possible outcome to the patients. With reference to the three-factor framework: client, nurse and environment factors, various nurses’ expectations can be outlined which help nurses in making effective decisions. The client factors are influenced by complexity, predictability and risk of negative outcomes from the client. Any nurse is able to deliver to a client who is less complex more pred ictable and has low risk of negative outcomes. The more complex the situation is, the more consultation is expected to deliver effectively. As a future nurse, I expect to be able to have self-sufficient practice in nursing and knowledge, which will guide me to deal with complexity of a client thereby establishing effective care and managing the health condition of this type of a client. I also expect to be able to deliver to clients such that they can realize predictable changes in their health conditions to identify their future care requirements. Regarding the nursing factors I anticipate to be able to offer safe and ethical care to the patients through leadership, decision making and through skills obtained from critical thinking. I look forward to be able to apply the knowledge and determine when and where to apply the acquaintance and considering the necessary resources for consultation. As a nurse, I should be able to recognize my competence and practice by being an expertise in the field of nursing. Most nurses enhance their competence and knowledge through proceed in education and experience which is not the case in most cases coz this does not always mean that that u will acquire a foundational competence like most competent nurses. One can become an expert in the nursing practice within his or her own nursing category. It is expected of me that I will be able to have time and resources for effective consultation to provide the best to the clients by being able to provide the paramount consultative results. Considering the environment factors, which are practice supporters, consultation resources and stability of environment, I expect these resources to be supportive in my decision-making. The environment should also be more stable for high proportion of nurses and many consultation resources, which will be more effective for me as a nurse to deliver best to my clients. With dedication and practice in the nursing practice, I will be in a position to a chieve goals and objectives. The goal of pursuing the nursing practice will be to provide safe, competent and ethical care to my clients or patients. As a nurse, I am accountable for the practice. I will only be able to achieve the above goal through commitment to developing and applying the practice standard by persistence, critical skills

The collective good problem in alliance politics. How can the U.S Research Paper

The collective good problem in alliance politics. How can the U.S. resolve this - Research Paper Example And further US current attitude towards NATO. Collective Good Defense is a typical model of a civic or shared good. The knowledge of the insinuations of this testimonial rest on in substantial part upon the state of the concept of collective goods. The evaluation with the concept of private goods, the notion of civic goods has been ignored. There are instances where this concept is typically assumed as confusing and incorrect, and these hypothetical problems must be resolute beforehand the insinuations of the fact that defense is a collective good can be sufficiently understood. Any effort to explain or develop the theory of civic goods should in sequence initiate with a perfect explanation of the theory of a civic good. Two separate major features have been implied in most debates of civic goods. The feature of a civic good is that it is not likely, or in any case financially viable, to ignore non purchasers from the ingesting of it. For instance, the East Coast is secured counter t o amphibious attack, Midwesterners cannot practically be barred from the benefits of this good. The next feature of a civic good is that if offered to one person in a cluster, it can be given to the others at no marginal cost. In other words, it is a good of a type that can be spent by an added person lacking any substantial decrease in the quantity accessible to the original customers. Defense typically has this feature. By means of the likelihood of a toll barricade devoid of non-purchasers at such a bridge exposes, the two significant features of a civic good need not constantly be present together. A good that has simply one of the feature can practically be examined as a collective good, although these two features are most frequently seen together. It is obvious that the theory of outside economies is involved in this description of a joint good. An outside economy has well-defined as advantage that non-purchasers cannot be set aside as of relishing and consequently cannot get a value in the marketplace. A deliberation of outside financial prudence and the crucial features of civic goods propose that ‘public goods’ might be named ‘collective goods.’ The fact that collective goods are intrinsic in administrative or cluster exertions to accomplish a mutual objective has a superior significance in the global setting. It proposes that at any time two or more countries have a common adversary, and one of the two involves, fails, or terminates the mutual adversary, there has to be a collective good or external economy the other country might as well relish (Roland, McKean). Alliance Politics On the assumptions that as long as autonomous polities have been present, there existed alliances. The pervasive nature of alliances has led to several studies on what reasons alliances are made, in what way alliances are coped, and under what circumstances alliance arrangements are respected in chaos. So far, yet, these interrogations regarding t he politics of alliances have been treated autonomously. Anarchy is usually compared to the ever-present safety menace. Nevertheless, such a menace is a concern of the lack of exogenous actions to impose treaties. Any global treaty has to be self-enforcing or acting within the treaty must be a superlative approach, given the conduct of one's alliance partner and the necessities of the treaty. The collected works, where alliances are observed as tools for combining nations' competences, offers the leading description for why alliances

Vegetarianism Essay Example for Free

Vegetarianism Essay Our daily life routines mainly revolve around food and what are we going to eat. We wake up thinking about breakfast, lunch is a must, either at work or with friends, and of course dinner; the one thing we do not forget. Food and diets consume a lot of our thoughts. People nowadays are more aware of their health and habits. One of the types of diets that some follow is the vegetarian diet. Vegetarianism is mainly eating all types of food, but any animal related products. Vegetarians follow this kind of diet because they believe that killing animals to eat them cause many negative effects. The question here is, should people be vegetarian or not? Some are for and some are against this. However, in my opinion, I think people should not apply the vegetarian diet in their lives for more than one reason. Firstly, vegetarians’ main reason for their belief is that eating animals is killing them, and killing them is against animals’ right as animals feel fear before their death, which is unethical. However, eating meat is not unethical, it is the natural part of the cycle of life. Research shows that plants respond electrochemically to threats and may feel fear exactly as animals (D.Jensen, The Plants Respond: An Interview with Cleve Backster, The Sun, July 1997†¨). So, eating plants also lead to the threat of it, if they see it from this perspective. Every organism on earth exists for the sake of another organism. Secondly, some might think that vegetables and plants will save more food for hungry people rather than feeding them to the animals. Nevertheless, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) stated that the world currently produces enough food for everybody, but many people do not have access to it. Therefore, it is not about the quantity of the food, it’s the way of distribution that causes the problem. Vegetarian diets can cause the death of animals too. To support this idea further, it was proven that about 52-77% of the animals, like rabbits and birds, get killed during the harvest process, they live in agriculture crop fields (S. Davis, 2003). Thus, cutting meats from your diet is not the solution. To wrap up, vegetarianism should not be a healthy habit for people. Animals are here for us to take advantage of, as well as plants and they are both living organisms. If you could live without both, then do it. At the end, they both feel and have emotions, so killing animals does not differ from killing plants. Moreover, it was proven that the hunger problem worldwide is the reason behind the availability of the food and not the quantity produced. Lastly, many other ways do kill animals, and cutting them from your diet will not protect them. I think people should not take vegetarianism as a life of style. Refrences: Derrick Jensen, The Plants Respond: An Interview with Cleve Backster, The Sun, July 1997 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Hunger: Frequently Asked Questions, www.fao.org (accessed Apr. 13, 2011) Steven L. Davis, The Least Harm Principle May Require That Humans Consume a Diet Containing Large Herbivores, Not a Vegan Diet, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2003 http://vegetarian.procon.org/#

Global Warming Annotated Bibliography

Global Warming Annotated Bibliography Our planet has been around for a very long time and has had several changes to its climate. Most of these changes have been caused by humans, and the effects have gotten worse and worse as the population on the planet has been increasing. This source is a scholarly source. It is a decent sized book that has many different charts and graphs about the Earths climate and weather and how it changes, and also how humans have changed it with greenhouse gas emissions. Another reason why I believe this source is scholarly is that it was writing by two people with doctorates. A third reason is that they list many sources they have used to help make their book about global warming. This book is relevant to my topic because it has a vast amount of information of Earths climate and global warming effects. I mainly used this source because it gives a very well detailed introduction to global warming. I also used this source to be a scholarly source for an intro to global warming, so I can have a popular source about global warming as well. Reasons for this source not being too well is that it is a very lengthy book with a lot of information that I dont need for an introduction to global warming, also the introduction itself is very long and makes it a little more difficult to summarize all the contents it had. Shah, Anup. Climate Change and Global Warming.ÂÂ  Global Issues, Updated: 10 Aug. 2010. Accessed: 15 Sep. 2010. Every year the population is constantly increasing at a very high rate. Leaving more and more people that would be using electricity, driving cars, flying in planes, and littering. Also creating a larger chance for other species to be endangered if we dont make smarter choices. This source is a popular source because they dont have any other sources to back up their information. Also the person who wrote the article isnt credited for any degrees or PhDs. This source is relevant because it explains details about our global warming problem. I used this source to get another view on an introduction to global warming, but by using a popular source this time instead of a scholarly source. One thing that wasnt very great about this source is that it was kind of brief. It wasnt loaded with a lot of content to explain more about the global warming problems. Another reason is that it doesnt focus much on any topics of global warming, it seems as though the author tried to cram in everything a bout global warming in a few paragraphs. Simmons, . 5 Deadliest Effects of Global Warming.Environmental GraffitiÂÂ  n. pag. Web. 15 Sep 2010. . There are a large variety of effects global warming has to our climate and planet. One result of global warming is the spread of disease, it makes it much easier for diseases and viruss to spread due to the warmer climate. Another effect is longer and more drastic heat waves and droughts, which could increase the number of wild fires and can cause some areas of wild life to die out from lack of water. There are many other effects such as the polar ice caps melting, warmer water causing more hurricanes, and many others. This source is a popular source because it isnt very lengthy and it has a lot of things off the side. It also has an area where the users can make comments and put feedback on the content. I feel that this source is essential because it has various effects of global warming. I used this source because the information it contained is useful to my research on global warming. One reason this source wasnt perfect is it didnt go in a lot of detail with all the effects. It l isted many of them and had a sentence or two about the effects. Nordhaus, William, and Joseph Boyer.ÂÂ  Warming the World. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. Print. The United States produces the most carbon dioxide gas emissions than any other country in the world. Since we cause the most pollution our country is going to be vastly more effected than some other smaller countries that dont release many greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. If we dont do anything to stop this, the global warming effects will hit our country hard with disasters from nature such as hurricanes and wild fires, which will also cause us to be in a worse economic state for paying the repairs needed after the effects of the natural disasters take place. This is a scholarly source because it is just text, has a lot of pages, and many charts and graphs about the changes in our climate and how each country is effecting our climate. One thing about this source that wasnt needed was the fact that they had almost every single country listed on their charts. In my opinion I think it is only necessary to have data on all of the major countries. What Can We Do To Stop Global Warming?.ÂÂ  Global Warming News BlogÂÂ  n. pag. Web. 15 Sep 2010. . The main cause of global warming is the emissions of Carbon Dioxide gases. Doing stuff like car pooling, making less trips to stores, and riding a bike or walking to a near by place instead of driving there can greatly decrease the amount of Carbon Dioxide emissions if everybody contributes. There are also other methods of stopping global warming by using alternate energy sources, such as sun, wind, and water. This source is a popular source because there arent any charts or graphs anywhere and there is no author mentioned with a PhD. This article is relevant because it lists many options we have to stop global warming. Im using this source to find out about those ways to stop it, or at least slow the process down until we can figure out better and more efficient ways of stopping global warming. This source isnt perfect because there wasnt any graphs that could help show how cars have effected the environment. Also there isnt any other sources that could back up their statements. Krupp, Fred, and Miriam Horn.ÂÂ  Earth, The Sequel. New York : Environmental Defense Fund, 2008. Print. Most likely the best possible way to end the process of global warming would be to find very efficient and effective alternate energy sources. We already have many alternate energy sources such as using wind, using the sun, and using water. There is also another energy source that is very efficient, which is nuclear power. The problem with this is many people are afraid that there will be a meltdown causing many problems. This source is scholarly because it uses other sources for citations throughout the book. It also is very detailed and doesnt use simple words. This source is really good because it has pages and pages with information about ways to solve global warming, it has positives and negatives on the choices we can make. I used this source to figure out more about our options to end our global crisis. This source isnt perfect because there werent any charts in it, there was only numerical data within the sentences that were backed up by other sources in some cases.

Experiencing the Magic Theater :: Literary Analysis, Harry Haller

After reading Herman Hesse’s â€Å"Steppenwolf,† one probably notices the main character in this novel, Harry Haller, is in a constant internal battle, where there is a â€Å"continual and deadly enmity† (41-42) between two natures, one where he claims to possess and the other to be divided by â€Å"a human and a wolfish one† (41). Although one can gain many insights from reading Steppenwolf, I believe Haller seeks to conform to the bourgeois in every aspect of his life. However, he belatedly realizes how he actually despises the bourgeois for its complacency and conformity. He comes upon this conclusion when he meets several people who are willing to help him form this conclusion by way of preparing him to experience the â€Å"Magic Theater.† I also believe that the Magic Theater is an important learning ground for teaching one to laugh, including Haller. The Magic Theater, which I believe to be â€Å"a world of pictures, not realities,† (178) is a reflection of Haller’s own mind. I also believe that when Haller enters the Magic Theater he is completely separated from reality because the elixir allows Haller to see what his own soul seeks; thus, the Magic Theater serves as an important learning ground for Haller, for it helps him to â€Å"see everything through the eyes of Harry and the old spectacles of the Steppenwolf† (176), which is meant to help him see his true self, as he sometimes failed to see before. In addition, the Magic Theater shows Harry his â€Å"past life had been false and full of stupid unhappiness† (199). These regrets and mistakes in his past help him to gain understanding of life so that â€Å"he can rearrange these pieces of a previous self in what order he pleases,† (192). Therefore, the Magic Theater also serves, as the chess player pointed out, to show Haller that life’s obstacles and decisions are â€Å"all the hundred thousand pieces of life’s game† (217) that’s in his pocket. For this reason Haller will be able to control his own life, to not make the same mistakes again. Rather, he will be able to relive every moment in life again as it is meant to be live. As Haller simultaneously learns how to laugh in the Magic Theater, he is intrigued by the events that take place within the Magic Theater. In one instance, within the Magic

Bone :: Biology

The epidemiology study in Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland reported the incidence of fracture in 2000 which was 5,953 fractures in a population of 534,715 (11.3 in 1,000). (1) In general, the bone has a physiologic repairing process which consists of three basic steps; inflammation, proliferation and remodeling and the fracture can be healed spontaneously. (2) Failure of physiological regeneration of these steps which might cause the fracture nonunion. (3)This pathologic condition is one of the important complications after treatment fracture which occurs about 5-10% (Littenberg et al., 1998, Tzioupis and Giannoudis, 2007). It leads increase cost for further treatments and morbidity of the patients. (5) Moreover, the standard treatment, surgeon has to harvest the bone graft from the iliac crest and the patient also have a major second operation, for example decorticated bone, make the non union site bleeding and apply the bone graft. (6) There is a report that harvesting bone g raft from iliac crest can lead the painful scar and numbness around the harvest site and affect quality of life of the patient(Schwartz et al., 2009). Fortunately, nonunion can be prevented by many procedures, good surgical technique and proper implanted selection. (8) Minimally invasive (MIS) technique becomes more popular and there are many developed modern instruments which are friendly and easy usable. The advantage of the development is less tissue traumatized procedure which can preserve the biologic around the fracture site. (9) We can also prevent hypertrophic nonunion by providing an enough mechanic stability factor. (10) However, the high energy trauma as well as severe open fracture can make devastation of the soft tissue around the fracture site and might impair the biologic requirement for fracture healing .(11)And in this circumstance; the prevention by using MIS technique or even more strong stability implant cannot preventable because the soft tissue have loosen befo re treatment. Eventually, the atrophic nonunion might occur due to impair of the biologic component. (12) It is, thus, reasonable to augment with the biologic component for enhance and prevent bone healing in high risk case. The biologic part to support bone healing is consisted of the mediator part such as growth factors or cytokines and cellular part which are involved and orchestrated in fracture healing process. (13) Recently, promote and enhance healing process by difference kinds of mediator have been studied and reported. Interleukin, BMP, VEGF and bone stimulating mediator have positive effect for fracture healing and BMP2 and BMP7 have been accepted for treatment as the biologic stimulated in Human.

The Federal Governments Effect on Renewable Energy in the United State

The Federal Government's Effect on Renewable Energy in the United States In an article posted by Reuters on October 24, 2006, the global conservation group, formerly known as the WWF, stated that â€Å"humans are stripping nature at an unprecedented rate and will need two planets' worth of natural resources every year by 2050 on current trends† (Blanchard). The report indicates that, if every other country were to use the same amount of energy as America does, five planets worth of resources would be needed to support the world. America, as one of the largest consumer countries of energy, has been making attempts to implement methods for using alternate energy sources in order to preserve the already dwindling resources of its environment. Although many advances have been made in alternate and renewable energy research, one major factor appears to stand in the way of its development: the federal budget. President George W. Bush and his administration have been making budget cuts in solar and other renewable energy programs due to the pro grams’ lack of popularity in the marketplace and little success in research and developmental advancements throughout the years. However, many advocate groups for the use of renewable energy blame the field’s slow advancement on the lack of funding it is being allotted by the federal government. Without interest, the government will not increase funding, but without funding, the opportunity for interest to expand is minimal. The question of why the federal government has allowed outside interest groups to play an influential role on the decisions it makes regarding the nation’s environmental well being comes into play, as the American public’s national opinion continues to be overlook... ...r Beyond Planet's Means: WWF." Reuters News Service. 24 Oct. 2006. 24 Oct. 2006. n.pag. Doggett, Tom. â€Å"UPDATE 2-Bush budget cuts solar, renewable energy programs.† Reuters New. 9 April 2001. 1-4. Morris, S.C. â€Å"Coal Conversion Technologies: Some Health and Environmental Effects.† Science Magazine. 206. 4419 (1979): 654-662. O'Neill, Brian C. and Michael Oppenheimer. â€Å"Climate Change: The Untold Story.† 13 Sept. 2006. Greenpeace UK. 15 Oct. 2006. 1971-1972. . Skylar, Scott and Kenneth Sheinkopf. Consumer Guide to Solar Energy. Chicago: Bonus Books, 2002. 2-24. "U.S. Public Favors Use of Renewable Energy." Xinhua New Agency. 3 Nov. 1998. 2 Oct. 2006. n.pag. The Federal Government's Effect on Renewable Energy in the United State The Federal Government's Effect on Renewable Energy in the United States In an article posted by Reuters on October 24, 2006, the global conservation group, formerly known as the WWF, stated that â€Å"humans are stripping nature at an unprecedented rate and will need two planets' worth of natural resources every year by 2050 on current trends† (Blanchard). The report indicates that, if every other country were to use the same amount of energy as America does, five planets worth of resources would be needed to support the world. America, as one of the largest consumer countries of energy, has been making attempts to implement methods for using alternate energy sources in order to preserve the already dwindling resources of its environment. Although many advances have been made in alternate and renewable energy research, one major factor appears to stand in the way of its development: the federal budget. President George W. Bush and his administration have been making budget cuts in solar and other renewable energy programs due to the pro grams’ lack of popularity in the marketplace and little success in research and developmental advancements throughout the years. However, many advocate groups for the use of renewable energy blame the field’s slow advancement on the lack of funding it is being allotted by the federal government. Without interest, the government will not increase funding, but without funding, the opportunity for interest to expand is minimal. The question of why the federal government has allowed outside interest groups to play an influential role on the decisions it makes regarding the nation’s environmental well being comes into play, as the American public’s national opinion continues to be overlook... ...r Beyond Planet's Means: WWF." Reuters News Service. 24 Oct. 2006. 24 Oct. 2006. n.pag. Doggett, Tom. â€Å"UPDATE 2-Bush budget cuts solar, renewable energy programs.† Reuters New. 9 April 2001. 1-4. Morris, S.C. â€Å"Coal Conversion Technologies: Some Health and Environmental Effects.† Science Magazine. 206. 4419 (1979): 654-662. O'Neill, Brian C. and Michael Oppenheimer. â€Å"Climate Change: The Untold Story.† 13 Sept. 2006. Greenpeace UK. 15 Oct. 2006. 1971-1972. . Skylar, Scott and Kenneth Sheinkopf. Consumer Guide to Solar Energy. Chicago: Bonus Books, 2002. 2-24. "U.S. Public Favors Use of Renewable Energy." Xinhua New Agency. 3 Nov. 1998. 2 Oct. 2006. n.pag.

The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien

Civil War General Sherman once said, â€Å"War is hell. † He was right. In the short story â€Å"The Things They Carried,† Tim O’Brien shows us the hell that our soldiers suffered. The narrator shows us a captivating, and up-close story about our soldiers in the Vietnam War. While the title relates to the story about things carried, but the soldiers carry more than just the physical burdens-in many cases, they are weighed down by emotional baggage. The emotional baggage that lies heavy in their hearts outweighs the physical weight. In addition to the items that they must carry, they also carry personal mementos. To show how much the soldiers are carrying the narrator tells us â€Å"things carried were largely determined by necessity. † Some of the necessities included, â€Å"P-38 can opener, pocket knives†¦candy, cigarettes†¦C rations and two or three canteen of water. Together, these items weighed between fifteen and twenty pounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The narrator goes on to give us even more detail about the things the soldiers carried; â€Å"†¦. carried the standard M-16 gas-operated assault rifle. The weapon weighed 7. 5 pounds unloaded, 8. 2 pounds with its full twenty-round magazine†¦. grenade launcher, 5. pounds unloaded†¦Ã¢â‚¬  By telling us exactly what the men carried and how much it weighed, it gives us an insight on the physical burdens that the men had to carry. The narrator tells us that the intangible items that these men carried proved heavier than any backpack and gun. The main character in the story is Lieutenant Cross, platoon leader. He is in l ove with a young girl in the United States. She is always on his mind and because he allows his thoughts to take him away and be with her. Because of this, he blames himself for the death of another platoon member even though there was nothing he could have done to protect him. Lieutenant Cross felt the pain. He blamed himself. † â€Å"He pictured Martha’s smooth young face, thinking he loved her more than anything, more than his men, and now Ted Lavender was dead because he love her so much and could not stop thinking about her. † I think here he is being a little unreasonable. His love for her didn’t kill Lavender. He didn’t feel only the burden of being responsible for Lavender’s death, â€Å"it was the burden of being alive. † They all carried great emotional weight. â€Å"They carried all the emotional baggage of the men who might die. Grief, terror, love, longing-these were the intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific gravity, they had tangible weight. † With all the physical and emotional things they carried, they also carried things that were close to their hearts. They carried mementos and other small weapons. â€Å"Mitchell Sanders carried brass knuckles. Kiowa carried his grandfathers feathered hatchet†¦. Kiowa always took along his New Testament†¦Lee Strunk carried his slingshot; ammo, he claimed, would never be a problem. † We’re told that Lieutenant Cross carried letters from Martha in his rucksack, and pictures of her in his wallet and a pebble. †¦Lieutenant Cross received a good-luck charm from Martha. It was a simple pebble, an ounce at most. † These things, although that was something else they carried, I feel like that, these items are things that made them feel like there was a world outside the war. They carried a silent awe of the power of the weapons, which kept them alive by killing the enemy. They carried infection, the weak or wounded, the thumbs of slain Viet Cong, guilt, and the soil of Vietnam itself. Perhaps the only certainty of a rather ambiguous war was that there would never be a shortage of things to carry.

Mary Wigman

Mary Wigman: Witch Dance Word Count: 1120 Through her simplification and breaking down of theatrical and aesthetic dance, Mary Wigman stands as one of the most inspirational figures of 20th century dance. Her unique use of theatrical elements such as masks, sound, costume and movement created an evolution of dance that was never seen before. Her use of the character, The Witch, changed the world’s views on dance forever, and inspired a revolution of artistic quality all around Europe.In this essay I will discuss whether or not The Witch in Wigmans work stands as an interpretation of her role in society, and her aspirations for future dance forms. Mary Wigman’s Witch Dance epitomized the breaking away from conventional concepts and traditions. Through her modernistic choreography she captured the true essence of dance. There was no conformity or theatricality to it. Instead, she used elements that would speak directly to the audience (Muller, 1986, pp. 173-184). The arch aic image of the witch expressed the elements of Wigman’s own identity.She expresses her modernistic identity in her breaking away of the social and cultural boundaries that besieged her time error. She also physically identifies herself as a witch, absorbing the viewer with the magical essence of her imagination. Through her movements she was able to personify this strong presence of the witch (Gunhild, 1992, pp. 35-49). She stressed the common association of the image of a witch with that of fear and apprehension of losing control over both body and mind.This fear was created to be extended to the audiences watching the piece (Chritiane & Finnan, 2006, pp. 76-84). One of Wigman’s most praised techniques in dance was her use of breathing. She believed that a dancers expression could be built to a climax simply through the pace and tone of their breathing. Through inhalation and exhalation the dancers were able to create both tension and tranquility. In addition to thi s her dance techniques were also highly revolutionary.Wigman did not believe that dance should be performed merely for entertainment purposes (Chritiane & Finnan, 2006, pp. 76-84). She diverged herself from the conventional practices of dance, such as ballet, and formed her own unique dance language that stripped away the aesthetic movement that was generally accepted at the time. The movement which she used in her pieces was unrestricted and she made use of percussion instead of traditionally orchestrated aesthetic music (Muller, 1986, pp. 173-184).This made the audience focus more on the properties of the dance itself then the external features of it. Wigman’s dances hypnotized the viewer with its powerful yet highly abstract choreography. Her use of repetitive gestures in her choreography helped to carve their cultural roles. She broke away from conventions by pulling away from the aesthetics of ballet. She did this by avoiding following fixed choreography, dancing barefoo t and using eccentric music and percussion (Gunhild, 1992, pp. 35-49).The cultural context in which Mary Wigman’s lived was a very restricted and conservative society. Wigman grew up in Germany during the Weimer republic. This was a time of extreme change in Germany. Ausdruckstanz had been ubiquitous in Germany from the start of the 20th century, and there was a definite cultural and social revolution taking place. Along with this was the reign of feminism taking place worldwide. These ideologies and social changes showed up significantly in Wigman’s choreography. Before Wigman, dance was primarily based on sexuality (Jiyun, 2007, pp. 27-437). Exoticism was instrumental in the audiences appeal to it. Wigman broke away from these ideals by performing characters which held modernistic significance (Muller, 1986, pp. 173-184). Before Wigman, women were often portrayed in dance as modest and simple characters. Wigman changed this view by primarily using female dancers and depicting females as strong and powerful beings. Wigman’s performances challenged the static social dynamics of the time. She created an atmosphere of respect between the female dancers and herself.She allowed for a strong female subject in her pieces that provided females, who were previously oppressed, with a firm identity and place in society. Previously, male choreographers had objectified woman in their choreography. Wigman aimed at individualizing women and breaking away from the sensual image that they previously conformed to (Valerie & Lahusen, 1990, pp. 8-10). Wigman’s choice of using the witch figure in her choreography was partly influenced by her attempt to emphasize the roots of dance and highlight feminist ideals.Through her dances she strove to elevate her art to a new culture and change her own identity to that of a goddess. The witch figure stood as a solution to the concept of Ausdruckstanz (Valerie, 1998, pp. 298-304). This concept introduced a confl iction between the desire to have their dance accepted by society but maintain a strong level of originality at the same time. Wigman’s dance focused primarily on raw and natural movement to truly capture the fresh expressiveness of her work.Through her work she hoped to portray a new vision of life. She wanted her work to be characterized by its dark and somewhat masculine nature. She explored the different ways in which the body could express itself (Valerie & Lahusen, 1990, pp. 8-10). She tried to use freedom of movement in expressing her sensuality and accepted that improvisation was the first step toward composition. The important thing about Wigman’s choreography was that even those who misunderstood it were inspired by the energy of her performances.The audience seldom failed to recognize the energy and life in Wigman’s choreography (Gunhild, 1992, pp. 35-49). The witch in Wigmans choreography represented the overcoming of human mortality and deficiencies through her new religion of dance. The dances were not sets of beautifully displayed images, but were created through disfigured movement that held no consideration for the viewer’s enjoyment. She ripped the space apart through her dance and engaged in the emptiness and diversity of the space.In conclusion, Wigman played a truly inspirational role in the modernization of dance in the 20th century. It would seem that Kolb’s statement regarding the feminist and demonic quality would be true with regards to the time error that she found herself in. The Witch not only represented woman as a powerful figure, but it highlighted the abstract quality of her dance. Wigman changed the face of dance forever through her diverse and unconventional ways of thinking. The way she broke away from conformist ideals still serves as inspiration to the dance we have today. Works Cited

Ethical Decision on Smoking Policy Essay

A town council serves as a settlement court in the areas that cover their jurisdiction. I It is their job to hear the complaints and problems of their constituents and try to develop ethical decisions that will resolve the issues or complaints brought before them. One of the most common ethical issues brought before them is the right of an individual to smoke in public. Smokers also have human rights that are protected by the constitution. One of these is the freedom to choose. If they choose to smoke, we cannot stop them. But, what we can do is limit the exposure of non smokers to the smoking population in order to accommodate the health concerns of the latter. But what ethical decisions can we make regarding restaurants and buildings where both parties freely mingle? I have a few suggestions that may help ease the growing tension and often times violent encounters of the two parties. Restaurants must accommodate both smokers and non smokers without adding to the already building tension regarding smoker’s rights. It may sound like a return to segregation but the only solution to this problem would be to require restaurants, bars, and other public dining or drinking areas to have al fresco dining areas with tent covers for the snow or rain seasons, which will be assigned as the sole smoking area of the restaurant. All non smokers must be seated in the air conditioned area indoors wherein smoking will be strictly prohibited. In offices where there is a mixture of non smoking and smoking employees, there must be full compliance of the non smoking in enclosed spaces rules. The office should however, designate smoking areas to accommodate the smokers. This area may be the rooftop of the building that must be designed as some sort of garden where live plants must be planted in order to absorb the toxic smoke and provide the area with fresh air for the people staying there to enjoy a smoke. Smokers may not believe they need protection from their habits but we have to do our part in protecting them from themselves. The town council ruling regarding smoking in public places is not a perfect law, it should be open to revisions and addendums as complaints arise to be dealt with. The town council must also acknowledge that maybe the smokers may have some ideas that will benefit or indulge their habit without damaging the non smokers in public places. So the town council should set up an office or a desk that will accept suggestions from both smokers and non smokers in the hope of accommodating the rights of both parties. As such, the town council should be open to amending the non smoking in private places ruling using the suggestions from the parties concerned. In the end, there is no need to alienate either the non smokers or smokers. Even though there have been countless medical studies, results, and warnings aimed towards the public regarding the hazards of both first hand and second hand smoke, smoking has become a legalized addiction that we have to learn to tolerate or, as the case may be, accommodate. There are a number of ways wherein we can accommodate smokers and non-smokers needs provided that both parties are open to cooperating with each other. The Town Council must to its part as the mediator between the two parties and help them to come to terms and agreements that will be beneficial to all concerned.

Quiz 8

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. frustration on aggression. b. groupthink on social conflict. c. deindividuation on the bystander effect. d. team membership on social loafing. e. role-playing on attitude change. | 2. Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the bystander effect. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d. social facilitation. e. group polarization. 3. Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. equity. b. deindividuation. c. the bystander effect. d. social facilitation. e. the mere exposure effect. | 4. The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town.This best illustrates the impact of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the mere exposure effect. b. groupthink. c. superordinate goals. d. deindividuation. e. the bystander effect. | 5. Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the mere exposure effect. b. the chameleon effect. c. social loafing. d. deindividuation. e. the bystander effect. | 6. When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name.This preference best illustrates the importance of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. social traps. b. the mere exposure effect. c. mirr or-image perceptions. d. the reciprocity norm. e. deindividuation. | 7. Following Germany's defeat in World War I and the economic chaos that followed, many Germans experienced increasing levels of prejudice toward Jews. This surge of hostility can best be explained in terms of the (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. mere exposure effect. b. reciprocity norm. c. just-world phenomenon. d. scapegoat theory. e. bystander effect. | 8.Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite his having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities? (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. cognitive dissonance theory b. social exchange theory c. two-factor theory d. scapegoat theory e. equity theory| 9. Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, b ecause he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed.His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the fundamental attribution error. b. group polarization. c. the bystander effect. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. the mere exposure effect. | 10. In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. three others were pulling with them. b. three others were pulling against them. c. no others were pulling with them. d. no one was monitoring how hard they pulled. | 11.Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the: (Points : 1)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. bystander effect. b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. fundamental attribution error. d. frustration-aggression principle. e. just-world phenomenon. | 12. Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way.Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the bystander effect. b. social facilitation. c. deindividuation. d. the mere exposure effect. e. the fundamental attribution error. | 13. Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the mere exposure effect. b. group polarization. c. deindividuation. d. he foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. the fundamental attrib ution error. |14. Compared to their female classmates, college-age men are ________ likely to engage in unsafe sexual practices and ________ likely to die in auto crashes. (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. more; more b. more; less c. equally; more d. more; equally e. equally; equally| 15. At a social gathering, Latin Americans may behave in a manner that North Americans consider intrusive and overly expressive. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. norms. b. gene complexes. c. gender identities. . heritability estimates. | 16. In emphasizing that the behavioral effects of heredity depend on the specific environment in which one is raised, psychologists are highlighting the importance of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the double helix. b. gene complexes. c. natural selection. d. nature-nurture interactions. | 17. Compared to women, men are ________ likely to feel comfortable about having casual se x with different partners and ________ likely to feel jealous rage over a mate's having sex with someone else. (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. less; more b. more; less c. less; less d. more; more| 18.Concepts of maleness and femaleness that influence our perceptions are called gender: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. types. b. schemas. c. roles. d. complexes. | 19. Identifying some of the specific genes that contribute to alcoholism would be of most direct interest to: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. evolutionary psychologists. b. molecular geneticists. c. gender schema theorists. d. Freudian psychologists. | 20. Adoptive parents are least likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children. (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. personality traits b. religious beliefs c. political attitudes d. moral values|

The Case for Open Heart Surgery at Cabarrus Memorial Hospital Research Paper

The Case for Open Heart Surgery at Cabarrus Memorial Hospital - Research Paper Example Discuss ways the program does or does not comply with the hospital’s mission First, the availability of the open heart surgery program should be reviewed. In fact, it is available in 11 counties in North Carolina, however, it is not offered in the primary operational area, the CMH involves. Actually, this can be regarded as a key decisive factor for extending the range of procedures. Considering the hospital’s mission, it should be emphasized that the hospital has the sufficient base for heart surgery and therapy; therefore, the open heart program will lower the risks for the patients, who need angioplastry, and other invasive therapies. Considering the planned expansion of the hospital, the open heart surgery program is required for attracting experienced heart surgeons as well, while the lack of experts may be regarded as a stop factor. Considering the necessity to review the mission, the CMH will have to consider several additional aspects for launching the program. Therefore, the program will need some amendments, such as including output measurements, integrating the emergency practices into the new program, as well as differentiate responsibilities of the entire team. (Courtney, 2008) These amendments require the in-depth restructuring of the strategic approaches applied, as well as improving the implementation control schemes. Therefore, the mission of the hospital will have to be oriented at several aspects: 1. Patients’ satisfaction 2. Qualification improvement of the personnel (including training courses and experience exchanges) 3. Resolving legislative issues (medical insurance, new program formalities, etc.) Analyze whether or not CMH has sufficient infrastructure and financial resources / leverage necessary to add the program As it is stated in the case study description, the hospital has sufficie nt financial resources for rearranging the space, purchasing equipment, and employing additional personnel. (Swayne, Duncan and Ginter, 2008) Nevertheless, there is a lack of experienced personal expected. Therefore, as it is emphasized in the discussion, the hospital has only one invasive cardiologist, while the other experts are either interns, or non-invasive cardiologists. Therefore, the hospital will have to resolve the problem of finding the experienced personnel, for launching the open heart surgery program. Nevertheless, this could be regarded as the only serious threat for implementing it. On the other hand, the CMH will have to redesign the overall control management in order to launch the open heart surgery program. In accordance with the research by Scharer (2005), such a redesign may be performed by considering the engineering approach to measure and calculate the possible workload. These measures are required for adapting the HR strategy to the new working approaches, associated with launching the new program. However, such a shift will also require applying organizational development approach concentrated on the proper team building principles, since proper recruiting, and necessity for coordinated team work is essential for health care strategic management. Describe the competitive situation among other area hospitals that could impact the decision On the one hand, the CMH has an opportunity to become the first clinic in the county, offering the open heart surgery program. On the other hand, in accordance with the case description, the lack of the experienced personnel is essential, and some experts have been already gained by other clinics of the State. (Swayne, Duncan

Business Ethics Case Study - The Nice Guy Essay

Business Ethics Case Study - The Nice Guy - Essay Example eople holding different managerial positions to possess leadership skills so that problem solving and decision making are done effectively and efficiently. This paper addresses the key aspects related to business ethics and discusses the essential leadership qualities required for ethical problem solving and strategic decision making. Let us first understand what business ethics is and how it relates to leadership issues and the overall business environment. In order to understand the relevance of ethical values in business, it is important to first realize the organizational structure as a social institute. An organization is formed by a collective group(s) of individuals with a vision to develop a network of common interest. Managers and executives are responsible for directing the resources of the organization. Shareholders are the owners of the capital, who expect profitable outcomes of their investment. Then there are employees who produce the goods in return of a decent wage and safe working conditions. In other words, all these groups are interlinked to one another, and a perfect balance between them creates the conditions essential for a successful business enterprise. Maintaining this balance is important for the management of the company in the sense that miscalculation in the balance can actually negatively affect the ethical system of the company. As Guy (1990, 4) states, â€Å"For an enterprise to continually give value to human effort and to encourage creative achievements, a balance of all interests is required.† While discussing ethics, it is important to talk about other related terms such as values and morals. Values refer to the core beliefs of what is desirable in an organization. Values considerably affect the choices made in business decisions, which further includes the aspects of ethics or morals. This paper does not aim to distinguish the definitions of ethics or morals. In short, both ‘ethics’ and ‘morals’ signify the codes of

Religion and Theologyy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion and Theologyy - Essay Example Theology helps to learn religious traditions; this is a system of theoretical principles that derives the religious practices. According to H. Dermot McDonald, religious experience does possess a sense of adequacy and completeness. Theology has facilitated Christianity towards human values to the fullest. The impact of Jesus in the lives of people since ages has never passed by with absolute positives like none before. History talks about many skeptics and critics whose lives have also been transformed completely. Different factors that facilitate the Christian values into human lives, it is quiet important to analyse and understand certain aspects about Jesus if he had claimed to be God ever, if the Bible had the authority in human life, and if a person is a Christian, does it in any way matter as to how a life is lead. These factors have always been the focal areas of interaction many times. According to John 10:30 Jesus says â€Å"I and the Father are one†, but Jesus never said the words precisely as â€Å"I am God†. This means that Jesus never said that he was God ever; in fact he referred to the Father and him as equals, with Father, Son and the Holy Spirit in the form of Trinity. Secondly the point if Bible has authority over human life; Bible is the essence of timeless truth rather than an authority. According to N.T Wright, the question posed is how the Bible could be authoritative; he brings up the views that most of the Bible does not consist of rules and regulations or a list of detailed commands that are to be obeyed, nor does it have creeds in it. There is no such Biblical doctrine of having authority of Bible and rather it is the root path to human beings towards reformation of life. The scriptural values one could follow to have an intimate relation with God. Thirdly, leading the way of life as a Christian emphasizing on the way life is lead. It lies in the works that one does in his life, where his reward comes from. Obedience and faithfulness are very essential to lead life close to God. Did Jesus claim to be God? To understand more precisely about the aspect of Bible, did Jesus ever claim to be God, when Jesus declared as per John 10:30 â€Å"I and the Father are one† his statement meant that he and his father were of similar nature and essence. John in his context reiterates the in-depth truth and concept linked to Jesus, wherein he says â€Å"the word was God† and â€Å"the word became flesh† according to John 1:1, 14 from the scripture. The verse elucidates that Jesus is God in the Human Flesh. In the book of Revelation, an angel instructs the apostle John to worship only God; on the other hand Jesus in the Bible receives worship at various instances. People have been worshipping him at different phases. Jesus never opposed the people not to worship him. Jesus never claimed himself to be God. But the point that could be emphasized is that if Jesus were not God, he would have certainl y told the people who worshipped him, not to do the same. Jesus was the word, a word which was with God, a word which was God himself. A primary aspect that could be observed is that Jesus had sacrificed his life for human kind, in a way where people could repent and come back to the righteous life. His death has paid the penalty for the sins of this world. Jesus has given an infinite penalty for human beings for the sins of people. This shows that Jesus was God and such an instance could happen only from an infinite entity as a whole. Jesus life on earth has been a journey that changed the lives of many. The scriptural verse as per 1 John 2:2 says â€Å"He is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world† It can be stated that only God could take the sins of

Racism and the African Condition in America Research Paper

Racism and the African Condition in America - Research Paper Example The African Americans, who during the early times of the American civil war were not part of the recognized American society, were used as sources of labor. As such, they were treated as no more than animals that provided labor for the benefit of the slave owners and drivers, who reaped the benefits of free labor and controlled how much output they wanted from the slaves. This was one of the highest levels of racism, where non-blacks would not work, and if they did, they would do the least amount of work. The above case was also demonstrated by the use of African Americans being used to take part in and complete tasks that were deemed degrading to the prestigious and elite white race. Due to this, African-Americans had their role in the society reserved as per predisposition that they were inferior to the whites, which allowed African-Americans to be used for heavy manual labor in the farms and plantations. Following their predisposition in society, they were referred to as Negroes a nd were entitled to all forms of slavery-affiliated activities concerning forced labor. This was by all means, against traditional convention found in ancient civilizations, in which slavery was not based on skin color, but rather on the superiority of character and ability of the person I question. This is because ancient slaves were often the spoils of war or people that were captured from wars and raids, but the African American slaves were only picked to work based on the color of their skins. The above was a blatant portrayal of racism that existed in the period prior to the American civil war from the time of their capture from their native homes in different parts of West Africa. In addition to slavery, due to the color of the skin African-Americans bore the title of slaves from as early as the 18th century. With this in mind, they did not hold any form of human dignity as they were viewed and perceived as being less than human, but better than animals considering that they u nderstood the directions given to them. Under the treatment as slaves, they did not enjoy equal rights with the rest of the human population in America, as they were not human to the American slave drivers and owners; a direct translation of this statement indicates that as slaves they lived under very dilapidated conditions with no necessities except those that sustain life. However, they had to work for the same food they fed on in spite of working on plantations and fields for hours on end. They were forced into sugar factories and tobacco farms, with no form of protective gear, as they were as disposable as the next animal of no value despite raking in plenty of fortunes for their owners. As such, no other races were involved in work as slaves except African-Americans who were denied their rights as individuals and humans through collective treatment and misconceptions of inferiority in a white-dominated continent or land of Americans.1 In addition, for African-Americans to be d enied their rights there must have been a form of recognition of them being humans in order to decide that they were not equal to the rest. Religiously from the moment that the African-Americans were allowed to practice their own religious practices, they were faced with numerous racial challenges.

The Promise of Stem Cell Research for Solving Complex Medical Problems Paper

The Promise of Stem Cell for Solving Complex Medical Problems - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that stem cell research might seem to be a catch-all solution to a myriad of clinical problems. If the public listens to certain corners of the bioethics field, stem cell research might seem to be a scientific solution that comes at a great cost to human life. Of course, most approaches to stem cells contain far more nuance than â€Å"for† and â€Å"against† embryonic cell research; however, it is a polarizing subject that is divisive even among researchers in the field. The purpose of this paper is to define some of the challenges—both ethical and scientific—posed to embryonic stem cell research, which includes looking at possible future directions for clinical practices, research agendas, and ethical systems that might oppose the use of embryonic stem cell lines. Overall, the â€Å"promise† of stem cell research includes not only the potential for benefiting mankind with novel kinds of treatment for painfu l and debilitating diseases, but also the potential for creating these treatments in ways that do not harm human dignity. First, a distinction should be drawn between embryonic and adult stem cells, particularly with regard to differences in their potentials to grow and regenerate tissues. Stem cells in general are a rare subset of primitive cells that, at the single-cell level, can self-renew as well as give rise to mature, differentiating daughter cells. According to the NIH, embryonic stem cells are grown easily in culture, while adult stem cells are rare in mature tissues. Accordingly, isolating these cells from an adult tissue is difficult, and methods to develop more cells in cell culture have not yet been developed. This distinction is significant insofar as large numbers of cells are needed for stem cell replacement therapies. In other words, adult stem cells cannot provide a sufficient level of coverage for stem cell research, let alone stem cell treatments on a public leve l. Therefore, stem cell research is normally biased toward the use of embryonic stem cells. Such stem cells are taken from embryos that are fertilized in vitro. The development of cells in a laboratory setting is known to scientists as â€Å"cell culture.† Embryonic stem cells are grown by transporting cells from a pre-implantation embryo into a culture environment that holds a nutrient-rich base known as a culture medium. Over the process of development, the cells divide and coat the surface of the dish into which they were transported. Once a cell line is developed, the original stem cells can produce millions or perhaps billions of embryonic stem cells for researchers to utilize in making discoveries and potentially treating diseases. Stem cells that proliferate in a cell culture of an extended period of time but have not differentiated into a specific kind of cell are known as â€Å"pluripotent† (meaning, literally, not constrained toward a specific developmental p athway). These cells are truly useful because they can be

Charity and charitable purposes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Charity and charitable purposes - Essay Example In Incorporated Council of Law reporting for the State of Queensland v Federal Commissioner of Taxation , the judge had the following observation with what amounts to a charity: â€Å"The benefit should be charitable in the Elizabeth sense†. Understanding from the context of the judge, we arrive at the conclusion that any activity which amounts to the benefit of the public, or a section of the public amounts to a charitable purpose. A trust which carries out the duties of helping the needy and the poor sections of the society amounts to charity.This definition of charity encompasses all the above definitions mentioned: "The relief of aided, impotent and poor people, the maintenance of sick and maimed soldiers and mariners, schools of learning, free schools and scholars in universities, the repair of bridges, ports, havens, causeways, churches, sea-banks and highways, the education and preferment of orphans, the relief, stock or maintenance for houses of correction, the marriag e of poor maids, the support, aid and help of young tradesmen, handicraftsmen and persons decayed, the relief or redemption of prisoners or captives,   the aid or ease of any poor inhabitants concerning payment of fifteens, setting out of soldiers and other taxes†Understanding the Ambit of Charitable TrustA charitable trust is a trust which provides charity services to a particular section of the society, and such services should be for charitable purposes only. Relief from poverty:The main question that was sought to ask was how poverty.... This definition of charity encompasses all the above definitions mentioned: "The relief of aided, impotent and poor people, the maintenance of sick and maimed soldiers and mariners, schools of learning, free schools and scholars in universities, the repair of bridges, ports, havens, causeways, churches, sea-banks and highways, the education and preferment of orphans, the relief, stock or maintenance for houses of correction, the marriage of poor maids, the support, aid and help of young tradesmen, handicraftsmen and persons decayed, the relief or redemption of prisoners or captives, the aid or ease of any poor inhabitants concerning payment of fifteens, setting out of soldiers and other taxes†4 Understanding the Ambit of Charitable Trust A charitable trust is a trust which provides charity services to a particular section of the society, and such services should be for charitable purposes only.5 Relief from poverty: The main question that was sought to ask was how poverty could be defined, and within the definition, which kind of people needed to be brought in to given relief to. Poverty is a very relative concept and thus includes people who are not able to provide a lifestyle for themselves that include the basic necessities like shelter, food and clothing. As found in a number of cases, only showing kindness or generosity to someone is not enough to come under a charitable trust or purpose because a factor of poverty must be defined so that it also serves the purpose of having benefit to the public in a way that it is useful to a certain community and helps to fight the problems that those people face with regard to poverty. In the case of Oppenhiem, we understand that

Composite case Memo(The Final Installment) Study

Composite Memo(The Final Installment) - Case Study Example The purpose of this memorandum is to correct errors and help Composite Manufacturing Company see the benefits of having an accountant. All figures discussed are in the thousands. Composite Manufacturing Company’s net sales were adjusted from $9,750 to $7,954. The reason for this discrepancy is mainly the mislabeling of revenue. Mr. Little used volume discounts, settlements, grants, and reverse revenue recognition as sales. These items are not sales. The costs of goods sold went from $6,121 to $5,812. The reasons were to reverse the sale to Anjinu, reverse the entry of unsalvageable inventory as COGS, and to reverse the entry that recorded a sale to affiliate. Operating expenses were not changed. Other expenses were changed due to impairment loss regarding unsalvageable RM, losses on leasehold improvements that are no longer useful, switching net sales recognition to recognition of a gain, a loss in the proper period in which it was incurred. This made the amount balance negative. Liabilities and stockholders’ equity were adjusted as well. The adjustments made for Composite Manufacturing Company’s financial statement made the company’s net income of $554 to a negative balance of $592. This was due to the improper classifying of revenue. While the $1,146 does not seem like a significant amount to mislabel, to stockholders the negative balance might cause worries. The corrections give the stockholders a better idea of the position the company is in, financially speaking. If the unadjusted financial report had been given to stockholders, the Composite Manufacturing Company could be sued later on for fraud. Since the company has had a lawsuit over their product, more time might be given to the design. The idea is ingenious and green. However, all of the problems must be dealt with in order for this company to go

Nursing capstone phase 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing capstone phase 2 - Assignment Example They concluded that whole blood therapy should be avoided and that only appropriate blood components should be transfused. Informatics systems, such as electronic health records, can be used in identifying patients who have already had blood transfusions for health-care staff and anesthetists, while also providing a blood tracking system for hematologists and health-care staff. Azizi et al (2014) set out to study the prevalence of complications in blood transfusion among patients at an Iranian hospital in a 2-year period. They find that there was a 0.4% incidence rate for acute transfusion reactions, especially related to restlessness, dyspnea, rigors, fever, chest pain, nausea, and palpitation. They conclude that that there should be a well-structure program to monitor blood transfusion-associated adverse reactions. In this case, the hospital should use appropriate visualization and statistical applications that will alert healthcare staff to health event aberrations to manage them as soon as possible. Execution of informatics implementation strategies will enable health-care staff to track adverse blood transfusion reactions, as well as track blood type and age and prior patient history, all of which will aid in either managing or preventing blood transfusion reactions. Gwaram, B. A., Borodo, M. M., Dutse, A. I., & Kuliya-Gwarzo, A. (January 01, 2012). Pattern of acute blood transfusion reactions in Kano, North-Western Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences, 9, 1,

IKEAs transport methods Essay Example for Free

IKEAs transport methods Essay Allowing the public to visit the business Makes the customer feel more welcome, and at home with IKEA if they feel involved by learning more about the company.  Public relations can be a very expensive form of promotion, and it can be difficult for businesses to assess the effect of public relations on sales.  Catalogues are a huge part of advertisement for IKEA, its relatively cheap when compared to TV adverts, and its fairly easy to get to the customer, IKEA print 131 million copies of there catalogue making it the most widely distributed commercial publication in the world. Having picked up a couple of the latest IKEA catalogues and handbooks, its clear that IKEA thrive on simplicity. The IKEA text is the same font on all brochures, with the traditional blue and yellow logo on the bottom hand side of the page this creates continuity which means people recognise it straight away when they see it again, the traditional yellow and blue logo is based on the colours of there home country Sweden. The background images are warm, cosy, family pictures, one containing a large sofa with numerous pillows, the other an aqua blue kitchen. This gets the message across to the reader that there is a large range of products available, furthermore on the front cover they get the message about there prices, Pay less, enjoy more and your 100 page guide to making an affordable, inspired choice. This encourages the public to go through the IKEA catalogue. Furthermore the catalogue brings the IKEA store into your home, its the best way to prepare for a visit to IKEA. d)Place is another term for distribution. It covers the range of activities necessary to ensure that goods and services are available to customers. Deciding on the right place involves a range of decisions.  A business needs to consider the most cost-effective way of getting its products and service to the customers. It needs to look at the implications for its profit margins of each means of distribution. The growth in use of the internet has encouraged even small businesses to use websites to sell their products to what can be a global market. This can be highly cost effective means of reaching a wide target audience, but is not suitable for all business and all products.  Businesses seek to design marketing mixes that are complementary and work together to benefit the business and to maximise sales. For example, Ikea promotes itself to its target audience on the basis that it offers the lowest possible prices. Place is important to Ikea, and the company locates stores in areas where it costs less to set up, eg on the outskirts of major cities. Which targets both high income earners and low. IKEAs transport methods are highly effective, large volumes in combination with flat packages are important in helping IKEA to transport products economically from the supplier via the stores to the customers. Flat packs mean that IKEA do not have to pay for transporting or storing unnecessary air and that not only means lower warehousing and distribution costs, but also less impact on the environment. At present 20 % of all IKEA goods are transported by rail. It makes sense for Ikea to target a wide range of customers. This is referred to as mass marketing. But theres the other side of it where in some situations they will target small sections of the market. Taken to the limit, this might involve catering for a small select group of customers a target market that has very specific needs. I.E childrens section.  In mass marketing, Ikea would aim their products at most of the available market and normally try to sell a range of similar products to all customers. Mass marketing is possible if the products are popular and purchased by many different types of people. For example Ikeas furniture products are well suited to being sold in mass markets. Businesses must be able to produce on a large scale if they are to sell successfully in a mass market. A company may have to invest heavily in resources such as buildings, machinery and vehicles. Usually, firms also have to be very price competitive to flourish in mass markets. By contrast, niche marketing involves companies identifying and meeting the needs of relatively small areas of the market. The aim is to cater for the needs of customers that have not been met sufficiently by other business, and niche marketing is one way in which small businesses can operate profitably in markets that are dominated by large firms. An example would be Ikea and their play pen for younger children.